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Well, “flowering” is just how it struck me at first glance; it’s formally known as a star fort:

Palmanova was built following the ideals of a utopia. It is a concentric city with the form of a star, with three nine-sided ring roads intersecting in the main military radiating streets. It was built at the end of the 16th century by the Venetian Republic which was, at the time, a major center of trade. It is actually considered to be a fort, or citadel, because the military architect Giulio Savorgnan designed it to be a Venetian military station on the eastern frontier as protection from the Ottoman Empire.

Daily Overview adds, “The rationale for this construction was that an attack on any individual wall could be defended from the two adjacent star points by shooting the enemy from behind.” One of their commenters notes:

Additionally the angular shape of the walls relative to a surrounding force meant that incoming fire from siege artillery hit the wall at an angle or had to be shot further from an oblique angle, making it less effective.

(See all Orbital Views here)

Daily Overview’s caption:

The planned city of La Plata—the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires—is characterized by its strict grid pattern. At the 1889 World’s Fair in Paris, the new city was awarded two gold medals for the “City of the Future” and “Better performance built.”

A little more about the layout:

Designed according to City Beautiful and rationalist precepts, the urban grid is intersected by two main diagonal avenues that merge at the town square where the Municipal Building and Cathedral are located. The abundance of open space is evident on the wide tree-lined sidewalks, compact blocks with green cores, and the smaller plazas located every six blocks. La Plata’s architecture is representative of the city’s immigrant history and diversity, with styles mingling German baroque, French art nouveau, Italian Renaissance, and Spanish colonial.

(See all the Orbital Views here)

Turns out China was burning a lot more of it than everyone else thought.

The country has been burning up to 17 percent more coal a year than the government had previously disclosed, according to new data reported in The New York Times this week. China is already the world’s leading producer of greenhouse gases from coal, but this increase alone “is greater than the whole German economy emits annually from fossil fuels,” the Times explained. And it complicates that whole global warming thing.

Here, the Port of Qinhuangdao, China’s largest coal shipping facility:

A video posted by @nasa_rus on

From the caption for this mesmerizing 3D model:

Driven by wind and other forces, currents on the ocean surface cover our planet. Seen from space, the circulating waters offer a study in both chaos and order. Watch powerful, fast-moving currents like the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and the Kuroshio in the Pacific Ocean carry warm waters northeastward at speeds greater than 4 mph. View coastal currents such as the Agulhas in the Southern Hemisphere transporting equatorial waters from the Indian Ocean farther southwards.

I spotted a haunting GIF in Rob’s newest installment of his weekly newsletter on climate change (which you can subscribe to here):

+ The fires in Borneo and Sumatra continue, emitting more carbon than the U.S. every single day. “Indonesia is burning. So why is the world looking away? The Wall Street Journal reports on how the fires are choking the palm oil, rubber and paper industries.

+  Mount Rinjani, on the Indonesian island Lombok well south of the fires, began erupting Tuesday. Ash and smoke from the volcano has covered hundreds of miles, and it’s delaying flights on the nearby island and tourist destination Bali.

+ The eruption as captured by Himawari-8, Japan’s weather satellite. Notice also the convection off the rainforest, the flash of the ocean (it looks like thunder) at midday:

Thankfully the volcano doesn’t appear to pose a threat:

[A]ccording to a vulcanologist for the MInistry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Surono, the eruption is of a minor nature. “The volcano is spewing up material upwards, towards a height of 1,000-1,500 metres above Barujari crater. This is a mere ‘roar’ and has yet to count as a major eruption,” said Surono toTempo on Wednesday, November 4, 2015.

According to Surono, Mount Rinjani has yet to become a danger for local residents despite its' repetitive eruptions. "We have no data that points out how often will it erupt, but basically it poses no danger for local residents," he said.

Indonesia has the highest number of volcanoes in the world - with 127 volcanoes reported to be active across the archipelago.

The captions for NASA Goddard’s Instagram account are nearly as interesting as the views:

The ice of a piedmont glacier spills from a steep valley onto a relatively flat plain, where it spreads out unconstrained like pancake batter. Elephant Foot Glacier in northeastern Greenland is an excellent example; it is particularly noted for its symmetry. But the largest piedmont glacier in North America (and possibly the world) is Malaspina in southeastern Alaska. On September 24, 2014, the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 acquired this image of Malaspina Glacier. The main source of ice comes from Seward Glacier, located at the top-center of this image. The Agassiz and Libbey glaciers are visible on the left side, and the Hayden and Marvine glaciers are on the right. The brown lines on the ice are moraines—areas where soil, rock, and other debris have been scraped up by the glacier and deposited at its sides. Where two glaciers flow together, the moraines merge to form a medial moraine. Glaciers that flow at a steady speed tend to have moraines that are relatively straight. But what causes the dizzying pattern of curves, zigzags, and loops of Malaspina’s moraines? Glaciers in this area of Alaska periodically “surge,”meaning they lurch forward quickly for one to several years. As a result of this irregular flow, the moraines at the edges and between glaciers can become folded, compressed, and sheared to form the characteristic loops seen on Malaspina. For instance, a surge in 1986 displaced moraines on the east side of Malaspina by as much as 5 kilometers (3 miles). Credit: NASA Earth Observatory image by Jesse Allen, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Caption by Kathryn Hansen. #nasagoddard #glacier #ice #snow #weather #pancake

A photo posted by NASA Goddard (@nasagoddard) on

Cloud vortices off Heard Island, south Indian Ocean. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this true-color image of sea ice off Heard Island on Nov 2, 2015 at 5:02 AM EST (09:20 UTC). A cloud vortex- the circular pattern seen here- is produced by the flow of air in the atmosphere. Heard Island (visible in the lower right portion of the image) is located in the Indian Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica. The island is uninhabited by humans, although it is home to many birds and seals. Heard Island is rugged and mountainous, and is mostly covered with ice. It is also home to an active volcano, Mawson Peak. The island has been a territory of Australia since 1947. Credit: NASA/Goddard/Jeff Schmaltz/MODIS Land Rapid Response Team #nasagoddard

A photo posted by NASA Goddard (@nasagoddard) on

That caption pretty much says it all, but here are some great aerial views of a cloudless Mawson Peak shortly after a lava flow. Heard Island is considered part of a “world heritage place”—by the Australian government itself, but still:

The Australian Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands (HIMI) is one of the wildest places on earth—a smoking volcano under snow and glacial ice that rises above the world’s stormiest waters. HIMI is the only sub-Antarctic island group that has an intact ecosystem, to which no known species has been introduced directly by humans, and where the ongoing evolution of plants and animals occurs in a natural state.

From the caption for this stark view of Nishinoshima, an emerging volcanic island 940 kilometers off the coast of Tokyo:

Starting in November 2013, the volcano began to erupt and continued to do so until August 2015. This Overview was captured on 7/1/2015. Over the course of this activity, the island grew in size from .056 square kilometers to 2.3 square kilometers.

Alan posted photos of Nishinoshima back in December 2013, shortly after it started erupting for the first time in four decades. Here’s some good footage of the volcano in action. And the latest piece on Nishinoshima from The Japan Times has this priceless lede:

A brand new island emerging off the coast of Japan offers scientists a rare opportunity to study how life begins to colonize barren land — helped by rotting bird droppings and the vomit of hatchlings.

Niger is one of the world’s top producers of uranium. Here’s one of the country’s open-pit mines:

This may be a stretch, but it kind of looks to me like a microchip, only orange.

If the thought of living inside a fast-moving metal tube that protects you from guaranteed death isn’t scary enough, there is this:

Scott Kelly is celebrating Halloween in classic Kelly fashion: By finding hints of the holiday in Earth’s terrain.

#Halloween #EarthArt Eerie lake. #YearInSpace #HappyHalloween #green #spooky #lake #earth #space #spacestation #iss

A photo posted by Scott Kelly (@stationcdrkelly) on

I can't wait to see what he does for Thanksgiving.

Nadine posted a hypnotic video over the summer that’s well-suited for our daily feature:

Conner Griffith describes his short film, Ripple, as “an advertisement for planet Earth.” It’s a flurry of frame-by-frame images, mostly from Google Earth and Wikipedia, that depict the many developed and undeveloped surfaces on the planet. … To see more of Griffith’s work, visit his Vimeo page.

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